3D Printing
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to processes used to create three-dimensional objects in which layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object. Here is a detailed overview:
History
Technologies
- Stereolithography (SLA): Uses a laser to cure liquid resin into hardened plastic.
- Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Extrudes melted plastic through a nozzle to build up layers.
- Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Uses a laser to fuse together particles of powder (usually nylon) into a solid structure.
- Electron Beam Melting (EBM): Similar to SLS but uses an electron beam in a vacuum.
- PolyJet: Deposits photopolymer materials in ultra-thin layers using inkjet technology.
Applications
- Prototyping: Rapid creation of models for design validation.
- Manufacturing: Direct production of end-use parts, particularly for complex geometries or small production runs.
- Medicine: Custom implants, prosthetics, and anatomical models for surgery planning.
- Construction: Building structures or components directly on-site.
- Art and Fashion: Creating unique pieces or wearable technology.
Materials
Materials for 3D printing have evolved significantly:
- Plastics (ABS, PLA, Nylon)
- Metals (Titanium, Aluminum, Steel)
- Resins
- Ceramics
- Composites
- Bio-compatible materials
Challenges and Future
- Quality control and standardization are still developing areas.
- Speed and cost-effectiveness for large scale manufacturing are ongoing challenges.
- The environmental impact, particularly in terms of waste material, is a concern.
- Advancements in bioprinting and the potential for printing electronics and food are areas of intense research.
Sources
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