Alexander I, born on December 23, 1777, was the Emperor of Russia from 1801 until his death on December 1, 1825. His reign was marked by significant events both in domestic policy and international relations, including the Napoleonic Wars and the establishment of the Holy Alliance.
Alexander was the son of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. He was educated by prominent figures such as Catherine II (the Great), who favored him over his father. After his father's assassination in 1801, Alexander ascended to the throne, having been involved in the conspiracy against his father due to Paul's increasingly erratic behavior.
Initially, Alexander pursued liberal reforms, influenced by the Enlightenment ideas and his tutor, Nikolai Novikov. He:
Alexander's foreign policy was dominated by the struggle against Napoleon Bonaparte:
After the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander:
Alexander died suddenly in Taganrog in 1825, and his death led to the Decembrist Revolt due to confusion over the succession. His brother, Nicholas I, eventually succeeded him.