The College of Cardinals is a pivotal institution within the Roman Catholic Church, known for its role in electing the Pope and advising the pontiff on matters of faith, doctrine, and church governance. Here are key aspects of the College:
Historical Origins
- The term "cardinal" comes from the Latin cardo, meaning "hinge," symbolizing their crucial role in the Church's structure.
- The College was formalized in the 11th century by Pope Nicholas II, who established that only cardinals could participate in papal elections, a decision later confirmed by the Third Lateran Council in 1179.
Membership and Structure
- Cardinals are appointed by the Pope, typically from among senior clergy worldwide. They are usually bishops, but can also be priests or deacons.
- The College is divided into three ranks:
- There is no fixed number of cardinals, but since 1975, the maximum number of cardinal electors (those under 80) is set at 120 by Pope Paul VI.
Roles and Responsibilities
- Papal Election: When the Papal Conclave is called, cardinals under 80 years old meet to elect the new Pope through secret ballot.
- Advisory Role: Cardinals advise the Pope on church matters, participate in Consistories, and serve in various Roman Curia departments.
- Church Leadership: Many cardinals lead significant dioceses or hold influential positions in the Vatican.
Modern Developments
- The College has become more geographically diverse, reflecting the global nature of the Catholic Church.
- Recent popes have made efforts to include cardinals from regions traditionally underrepresented, like Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
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