Constitution of Russia
The Constitution of Russia is the supreme law of the Russian Federation. It was adopted by national referendum on December 12, 1993, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the subsequent political turmoil. The document came into force on December 25, 1993, establishing the framework for the political system, the distribution of power, the rights and freedoms of citizens, and the legal status of various entities within the country.
Historical Context
The adoption of the Constitution of Russia was a pivotal moment following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Prior to this, the Soviet Constitution was the governing document. The need for a new constitution arose from the desire to reform the political structure, establish democratic principles, and ensure legal continuity and stability in the newly independent Russia.
Structure and Content
- Preamble: Sets out the fundamental values and principles on which the Russian Federation is established.
- Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System, outlines the basics of the political system, including the principles of federalism, separation of powers, and the rule of law.
- Chapter 2: Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms, which includes rights like freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and property rights.
- Chapter 3: The Federal Structure, detailing the relationship between the federal government and the federal subjects of Russia.
- Chapter 4: The President of the Russian Federation, defining the role, powers, and election procedures for the President.
- Chapter 5: The Federal Assembly, covering the legislative branch of government.
- Chapter 6: The Government of the Russian Federation, describing its formation and functions.
- Chapter 7: Judicial Power, which outlines the judicial system and the Constitutional Court.
- Chapter 8: Local Self-Government, explaining the role of municipalities.
- Chapter 9: Constitutional Amendments and Revision, detailing how the constitution can be changed.
Amendments
Since its adoption, the Constitution of Russia has been amended several times. Significant amendments include:
- In 2008, amendments were made to increase the term of office for the President and the State Duma from four to six years and five years, respectively.
- In 2020, a major overhaul of the constitution was passed via referendum, which included changes to reset presidential term limits, allowing Vladimir Putin to potentially remain in power until 2036, among other changes to the structure of government and social policy.
Significance and Criticism
The Constitution of Russia has been both praised for its democratic aspirations and criticized for its implementation. Critics argue that despite the constitutional guarantees of rights and freedoms, in practice, these are often curtailed. The 2020 amendments, in particular, have been contentious, with some viewing them as a move to consolidate power.
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