Entablature
An entablature refers to the superstructure of moldings and bands which lies horizontally above columns and rests upon their capitals. It is a fundamental architectural element in classical architecture, encompassing the architrave, frieze, and cornice. Here are some detailed aspects of entablature:
Components of an Entablature
- Architrave: This is the lowest part of the entablature, directly above the capitals of the columns. It serves as a structural beam supporting the weight above.
- Frieze: Situated above the architrave, the frieze is often decorated with sculptural reliefs or left plain. In the Doric order, it's typically divided by triglyphs and metopes.
- Cornice: The uppermost section, the cornice projects outwards, providing an overhanging element that helps to protect the lower parts of the building from water run-off. It includes several moldings, such as the cyma recta and ovolo.
Historical Context
The concept of the entablature can be traced back to ancient Greek architecture, where it was an integral part of the three classical orders:
- Doric Order: Known for its simplicity and robustness, with a plain architrave, a frieze of alternating triglyphs and metopes.
- Ionic Order: More elaborate, with a continuous frieze and decorative elements like volutes on the capitals.
- Corinthian Order: The most ornate, with a richly decorated cornice and acanthus leaves on the capitals.
The entablature evolved through Roman architecture, where it was adapted and further embellished, influencing Renaissance and subsequent architectural styles.
Function and Symbolism
Functionally, the entablature provides structural support, distributing the load from the roof or upper walls across the columns. Symbolically, it represents the transition from the earth (columns) to the heavens (the roof or sky), often adorned with motifs that reflect cultural, religious, or political themes.
Examples and Usage
- The Parthenon in Athens, Greece, is a prime example where the entablature showcases the Doric order with its iconic triglyphs and metopes.
- Pantheon in Rome, which uses the Corinthian order, features a richly decorated entablature.
Modern Interpretations
While less common in modern architecture due to changes in building materials and styles, entablature elements are still used in neo-classical buildings, public institutions, and historical replicas. Architects might employ simplified versions or abstract interpretations to evoke classical grandeur or to convey a sense of tradition and stability.
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