Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)
The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) is a global initiative spearheaded by the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure that children, particularly those in developing countries, are protected against life-threatening diseases through vaccination.
History
- 1974: The EPI was launched by WHO to build upon existing vaccination efforts and to ensure universal access to vaccines.
- 1980s: Significant strides were made with the introduction of vaccines against measles, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and tuberculosis into the EPI schedule.
- 1990s: Hepatitis B, yellow fever, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines were added to the EPI.
- 2000s: Further expansion included vaccines for rotavirus, pneumococcal disease, and human papillomavirus (HPV) in some regions.
Objectives
- To ensure that all children, pregnant women, and high-risk groups receive the recommended vaccines.
- To improve vaccine coverage to protect against vaccine-preventable diseases.
- To strengthen national immunization systems, including vaccine supply chains, surveillance, and monitoring.
Vaccines Included
The EPI schedule varies by country, but core vaccines generally include:
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for tuberculosis
- Polio vaccine (OPV/IPV)
- Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccine
- Measles vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine
- Rotavirus vaccine
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
Impact
- Significant reduction in mortality from diseases like measles, polio, and tetanus.
- Eradication of smallpox and near-eradication of polio in many regions.
- Improved health outcomes and life expectancy in participating countries.
Challenges
- Ensuring access to vaccines in remote or conflict-affected areas.
- Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation.
- Maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage.
- Funding and political commitment in some regions.
Support and Partnerships
EPI is supported by numerous international organizations including:
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