The Fourth Crusade, which took place from 1202 to 1204, was an expedition initially intended to recapture Jerusalem from the control of the Muslims during the Crusades. However, it is infamous for its diversion from its original goal, resulting in the sack of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
The crusade was called by Pope Innocent III in 1198, who aimed to regain control of Holy Land from Saladin's successors. Despite the call, the enthusiasm was not as widespread as during previous crusades due to the recent failures and the ongoing political issues within Europe. The leadership of the crusade was given to Boniface of Montferrat, who was later joined by other nobles like Theobald III of Champagne and Louis I of Blois.
The crusaders made an agreement with the Republic of Venice to provide transport for the army. Venice, led by Doge Enrico Dandolo, saw an opportunity to expand its influence and agreed to supply ships in exchange for money. However, the crusaders could not pay the full amount, leading Venice to propose alternative payment methods:
The crusaders, under pressure from Venice and the financial necessity, diverted their path to Constantinople in 1203. Here are the key events:
The sack of Constantinople had profound effects:
The Fourth Crusade is often cited as an example of how crusades could deviate from their religious and moral objectives, becoming tools for political and economic gain. It has been widely criticized for its role in the downfall of Constantinople and the cultural heritage lost during the sack.