Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period, evolving from Romanesque architecture. It originated in the 12th century in the Île-de-France region of northern France, with the first Gothic structures being built in the early part of that century. This architectural style is known for its characteristic pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for thinner walls and more light.
The term "Gothic" was initially used by Renaissance historians as a derogatory term to describe what they saw as barbaric, contrasting with the classical revival they admired. However, Gothic architecture represents an evolution in building technology and aesthetics, with key developments including:
The first major example of Gothic architecture is often considered to be the Basilica of Saint-Denis, near Paris, where Abbot Suger began reconstruction work in the 1130s. Here, the focus was on bringing more light into the church, symbolizing the divine light of God, which became a central theme in Gothic design.
From its beginnings in France, Gothic architecture spread across Europe:
The Gothic style began to decline in the late 15th century as the Renaissance brought about a revival of classical forms. However, Gothic architecture did not disappear entirely but evolved into what is known as Flamboyant Gothic, with its intricate, flame-like tracery, before eventually giving way to Renaissance architecture.
Gothic architecture's legacy is profound in Western architecture, influencing not only religious buildings but also civic structures, castles, and even domestic architecture. Its principles of structural efficiency, light, and verticality have inspired architects and designers well into the modern era.