The Government-of-National-Defense refers to a provisional government established in France during the Franco-Prussian War. Here's a detailed look into its formation, functions, and historical significance:
Formation
The Government-of-National-Defense was formed on September 4, 1870, following the collapse of the Second French Empire after the capture of Emperor Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan. The fall of the Empire led to a power vacuum which was filled by a group of republican politicians:
Objectives
The primary objectives of the Government-of-National-Defense were:
- To defend France against the Prussian invasion.
- To establish a republic, thereby marking the end of the Second Empire.
- To negotiate peace terms with Prussia once military resistance seemed futile.
Activities
This government took several actions:
- Mobilization of Resistance: They attempted to organize resistance against the Prussian forces, including the formation of the Army of the Loire and the mobilization of Francs-Tireurs (guerrilla fighters).
- Diplomatic Efforts: They engaged in diplomatic maneuvers to secure foreign support, although these efforts were largely unsuccessful.
- Internal Governance: The government tried to maintain order within Paris and other French cities, facing significant challenges like the Paris Commune.
End of the Government
The Government-of-National-Defense officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871, which concluded the Franco-Prussian War with significant territorial losses for France, including Alsace-Lorraine. Following this, the French Third Republic was established.
Legacy
The Government-of-National-Defense is remembered for:
- Its role in the transition from the Second Empire to the Third Republic.
- The difficulties in managing both external warfare and internal dissent, leading to the Paris Commune.
- Its contribution to the concept of a 'government of national unity' in times of crisis, which influenced future French political structures.
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