The Gulf War, also known as the Persian Gulf War, was a conflict that spanned from August 2, 1990, to February 28, 1991. This war arose when Iraq invaded Kuwait, leading to a United Nations Security Council mandate for Iraq's withdrawal. Here are the key aspects:
Background
- Iraqi Aggression: Iraq, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, accused Kuwait of overproduction of oil and slant-drilling into Iraqi oil fields. This led to an economic dispute and eventually military action.
- Economic Motivations: Iraq was facing severe economic problems after the long and costly Iran-Iraq War. The invasion was also seen as an attempt to gain control over Kuwait's oil reserves.
The Invasion
- On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, quickly overwhelming the Kuwaiti military. The Emir of Kuwait fled to Saudi Arabia, and Iraq annexed Kuwait, declaring it the 19th province of Iraq.
International Response
- UN Resolution: The United Nations passed Resolution 660, condemning the invasion and demanding Iraq's immediate withdrawal from Kuwait.
- Operation Desert Shield: In response to the invasion, the United States, along with coalition forces, began to deploy troops to Saudi Arabia to prevent further Iraqi aggression. This operation was named Operation Desert Shield.
- Economic Sanctions: The UN imposed comprehensive economic sanctions against Iraq, including an embargo on oil exports.
Military Operations
- Operation Desert Storm: On January 17, 1991, after Iraq failed to comply with UN resolutions, a massive air campaign began, known as Operation Desert Storm. This was followed by a ground offensive in late February, which quickly led to the liberation of Kuwait.
- Technological Innovations: The war saw the introduction of several new technologies, including stealth aircraft, precision-guided munitions, and the widespread use of satellite communications for military operations.
Aftermath
- Ceasefire: A ceasefire was agreed upon on February 28, 1991, after 100 hours of ground combat. Iraq was forced to accept all UN resolutions, including the disarmament of its weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
- Kuwaiti Reconstruction: Kuwait began the process of rebuilding its infrastructure, economy, and political system.
- Humanitarian Crisis: The war led to significant civilian casualties, displacement, and environmental damage, particularly from the oil fires set by retreating Iraqi forces.
- Political Changes: The war reshaped regional politics, with increased US military presence in the Middle East and changes in Iraq's geopolitical standing.
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