Heracles, also known as Hercules in Roman mythology, is one of the most celebrated figures in Greek mythology. He is the son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and Alcmene, a mortal woman. His birth, life, and legendary labors have been subjects of countless stories, artworks, and scholarly studies.
Heracles was born from the union of Zeus and Alcmene, which was orchestrated by Zeus in the guise of Alcmene's husband, Amphitryon. Hera, Zeus's wife, known for her jealousy, attempted to prevent Heracles from being born by delaying his birth and later sent serpents to kill him as an infant, but he strangled them with his superhuman strength. His name, Heracles, means "Glory of Hera," ironically referencing the goddess who made his life difficult.
The most famous aspect of Heracles' life are the Twelve Labors, which he undertook as penance for the murder of his wife Megara and their children, a deed he committed under the influence of Hera's madness:
Each of these labors was a test of strength, cunning, and endurance, showcasing Heracles' heroism and the favor of the gods, particularly Athena and Hermes, who often aided him.
After completing the Labors, Heracles continued his adventures, facing various challenges, aiding heroes like Jason during the quest for the Golden Fleece, and participating in the Calydonian Boar Hunt. His life was marked by many tragic events, including the death of his second wife, Deianeira, whose jealousy led her to give him a poisoned robe, causing him unbearable pain.
Seeking to end his suffering, Heracles built a funeral pyre on Mount Oeta, and after his mortal body was consumed by the flames, he ascended to Olympus to become a god. His deification was a testament to his heroism and divine parentage, making him an immortal figure in the Greek pantheon.
Heracles has been a prominent figure in art, literature, and culture. His stories have been adapted into numerous plays, like Sophocles' "Trachiniae", and his image appears on countless ancient artifacts, from pottery to sculptures. In modern times, his character has been popularized in movies, books, and even as a symbol of strength and perseverance.