On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb named "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, another bomb, "Fat Man," was dropped on Nagasaki. These bombings remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict.
Context
- World War II: By mid-1945, the Pacific War had reached a critical point, with Japan refusing to surrender despite the Allies' demand following the Potsdam Declaration.
- Manhattan Project: The bombs were developed under the Manhattan Project, a top-secret research and development initiative during World War II.
Events
- Hiroshima: The B-29 bomber Enola Gay released Little Boy over Hiroshima at 8:15 AM. The explosion destroyed 69% of the city's buildings, causing an estimated 70,000-80,000 immediate deaths, with many more succumbing to injuries or radiation exposure in the following months.
- Nagasaki: The second bomb was originally intended for Kokura, but cloud cover led to Nagasaki being chosen instead. The bomb detonated at 11:02 AM, leveling much of the city and causing approximately 35,000-40,000 immediate deaths.
Aftermath
- Surrender: Following the bombings, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945, which was formalized on September 2, ending World War II.
- Radiation Effects: Survivors, known as Hibakusha, suffered from acute radiation sickness, long-term health issues like cancer, and social stigma.
- Reconstruction: Both cities were rebuilt, with Hiroshima becoming a center for peace advocacy, hosting the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
Long-term Impact
- Global Peace: The bombings spurred movements for nuclear disarmament and the establishment of international bodies like the United Nations to prevent future conflicts.
- Legacy: The events have had profound cultural, ethical, and political repercussions, influencing policies on nuclear weapons and peace movements worldwide.
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