Islam
Islam is a monotheistic religion that originated in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula with the revelations received by Muhammad, who Muslims believe to be the last and final prophet of God (Allah). Here are key aspects of Islam:
Core Beliefs
- Shahada (Declaration of Faith): The belief in the absolute oneness of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger.
- Salah (Prayer): Performing five daily prayers facing towards Mecca.
- Zakat (Almsgiving): Giving a portion of one's wealth to those in need.
- Sawm (Fasting): Fasting during the month of Ramadan.
- Hajj (Pilgrimage): Undertaking the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if financially and physically able.
Historical Context
Islam's foundation was laid in Medina when Muhammad migrated there from Mecca in 622 CE, an event known as the Hijra. This migration marks the start of the Islamic lunar calendar. Within a century, Islam had spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and into parts of Europe and Asia through both military conquests and trade.
Scriptures
- The Quran: Considered the literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad. It is the primary source of Islamic law and theology.
- Hadith: Records of the sayings, actions, and approvals of Muhammad, which serve as a secondary source of Islamic jurisprudence.
Denominations
Islam has several branches, the two largest being:
- Sunni Islam (around 85-90% of Muslims): Adherents to the traditions of Muhammad through his companions.
- Shia Islam (10-15% of Muslims): Follows the lineage of Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, believing in a divinely ordained leadership succession.
Islamic Jurisprudence
Islamic law or Sharia is derived from the Quran and Hadith and covers all aspects of Muslim life, including religious rituals, family life, business, and government. There are various schools of thought within Islamic jurisprudence:
- Hanafi
- Maliki
- Shafi'i
- Hanbali
Influence and Culture
Islam has profoundly influenced art, architecture, literature, and science throughout history. Notable contributions include:
- The development of algebra and advancements in astronomy and medicine.
- The construction of magnificent mosques and the use of calligraphy in art.
- Philosophical and scientific works by scholars like Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes).
Modern Challenges and Developments
Islam faces contemporary issues such as:
- Interpretation of Islamic law in modern contexts.
- Relations between different Islamic sects and the global Muslim community.
- The role of women in society and interpretations of Islamic law regarding gender.
- Responses to extremism and terrorism claiming Islamic justification.
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