Louis XII was King of France from 1498 to 1515. Born on June 27, 1462, in the Château de Blois, he was the only son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Marie of Cleves. His early life was marked by the death of his father when Louis was just three years old, making him the Duke of Orléans. His reign as king came after a tumultuous period involving his predecessor, Charles VIII, who died childless, leaving Louis to inherit the throne through his marriage to Charles' sister, Anne of Brittany.
Louis XII was initially known as Louis, Duke of Orléans. His father, Charles, had been imprisoned by the English during the Hundred Years' War, which left a significant impact on Louis's early life. Louis was educated by his uncle, Jean, Duke of Berry, who served as regent during Louis's minority. Louis's claim to the throne came through his marriage to Anne of Brittany, which was arranged to secure the union of Brittany with France after the death of Charles VIII.
Upon ascending the throne, Louis XII immediately set out to reform the French state. His reign was characterized by several key policies:
Louis XII's marriage to Anne of Brittany was annulled in 1498 due to her failure to produce a male heir. He subsequently married Mary Tudor, sister of King Henry VIII of England, in 1514. However, this marriage was also brief as Louis died on January 1, 1515, without a surviving male heir from either marriage. His successor was his cousin, Francis I of France.
Louis XII is remembered for his efforts to reform the French state, although many of his reforms were continued and expanded upon by his successors. His military campaigns in Italy had mixed results but helped to shape European diplomacy and warfare. His personal life, particularly his marriages, also played a significant role in the political landscape of Europe during his time.