Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America extending from the southern central part of Mexico to Central America, encompassing parts of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras. This area was home to numerous pre-Columbian societies with shared cultural traits, including complex societal structures, monumental architecture, advanced agricultural practices, and the development of writing systems, calendars, and complex religious practices.
Geography
The region's geographical setting is characterized by highlands, lowlands, and coastal plains, which influenced the development of its diverse cultures. Key geographical features include:
- The Sierra Madre Mountains, which affect climate and agriculture.
- The Yucatán Peninsula, known for its limestone formations and cenotes.
- Volcanic highlands providing fertile soil for agriculture.
History
The history of Mesoamerica spans several millennia:
- Pre-Classic Period (2000 BCE - 250 CE): This era saw the rise of early civilizations like the Olmecs, known for their colossal head sculptures and early writing systems.
- Classic Period (250 CE - 900 CE): This period is marked by the peak of the Maya Civilization, with cities like Tikal and Palenque flourishing, alongside the Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico.
- Post-Classic Period (900 CE - 1521 CE): Characterized by the rise of the Toltecs, the Aztec Empire, and the continued influence of the Maya in the Yucatán.
- Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods: The arrival of Spanish Conquest in the 16th century led to the fall of the Aztec Empire and significant changes in Mesoamerican cultures.
Cultural Achievements
Mesoamerica is known for several cultural innovations:
- Writing and Calendars: Development of hieroglyphic writing systems by the Maya, and the use of calendars like the Long Count Calendar.
- Architecture: Construction of pyramids, ball courts, and extensive urban planning seen in sites like Chichen Itza and Uxmal.
- Agriculture: Techniques like chinampa (floating gardens) by the Aztecs, terracing, and irrigation systems.
- Art: Sculpture, pottery, and mural paintings depicting religious and everyday life themes.
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