The Reform-War, also known as the War of Reform, was a civil conflict that took place in Mexico from 1858 to 1861. This war stemmed from a series of political, social, and religious issues that had been brewing in the country following the establishment of the Constitution of 1857.
Background
The Reform-War was primarily a clash between the Liberal and Conservative factions within Mexico:
- Liberals supported the Constitution of 1857, which aimed to reduce the power of the Catholic Church and the military, promote secularization, and establish a more liberal economic policy. Key figures included Benito Juárez, who was the president of Mexico at the time.
- Conservatives opposed these reforms, seeking to maintain the status quo where the Church and the military had significant influence over the state. They were led by figures like General Félix Zuloaga.
Outbreak of the War
The war began when General Zuloaga overthrew President Juárez in January 1858, declaring the Constitution of 1857 invalid. This action led to the formation of two governments:
- The Liberal government, led by Juárez, which retreated to various locations, including Veracruz, where Juárez maintained his presidency.
- The Conservative government, which operated from Mexico City and other parts of the country where it held control.
Major Events
- The Battle of Puebla (1858) - A significant engagement where the Liberals gained a strategic victory.
- The Siege of Querétaro (1860) - A pivotal siege where the Liberals, led by General Jesús González Ortega, defeated the Conservative forces.
- The Battle of Calpulalpan (1860) - This battle marked the end of major military operations, with the Liberals decisively defeating the Conservatives.
Conclusion and Aftermath
By December 1860, the Liberal forces had largely defeated the Conservatives. However, the war left Mexico in a state of disarray, setting the stage for the French Intervention in Mexico. The Liberals, although victorious, faced numerous challenges in consolidating their power and implementing the reforms they had fought for.
The Reform-War not only reshaped Mexican politics but also had significant social and religious implications, including:
- The secularization of education and property.
- The establishment of civil marriage and the limitation of ecclesiastical authority.
- The eventual nationalization of Church property, which had profound economic effects.
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