Robert Curthose, born around 1051 or 1054, was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and King of England, and Matilda of Flanders. His nickname, "Curthose," is derived from the Old French term "courte-heuse," meaning "short stockings," a reference to his short stature or perhaps his fashion choices.
Despite being the eldest son, Robert's relationship with his father was strained. He rebelled against William in the 1070s, leading to a temporary exile. However, upon his father's death in 1087, Robert inherited the Duchy of Normandy, while his younger brother, William Rufus, became King of England. This division of their father's territories laid the groundwork for future conflicts between the brothers.
The relationship between Robert and William Rufus was marked by tension and occasional warfare. In 1091, they agreed to a truce, with Robert ceding some Norman territory to William in exchange for peace. However, the peace was short-lived, and in 1095, Robert decided to join the First Crusade, leaving his brother to govern Normandy in his absence.
Robert's participation in the First Crusade was significant. He was one of the leaders of the crusade, alongside notable figures like Bohemond of Taranto and Raymond IV of Toulouse. He played a role in the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099, which was one of the most famous events of the crusade. After the fall of Jerusalem, Robert returned to Normandy, but his legacy in the Holy Land was brief.
Upon his return, Robert found that his brother, now King Henry I, had taken control of Normandy. A series of conflicts ensued, culminating in Robert's defeat at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106. Henry captured Robert, who was then imprisoned in various locations, including Devizes Castle and Cardiff Castle. Robert remained in captivity for the rest of his life, dying in 1134, still a prisoner. His son, William Clito, continued to challenge Henry for the dukedom, but without success.
Robert Curthose is remembered as a figure who, despite his noble birth and participation in significant historical events, failed to maintain control over his inheritance. His conflicts with his siblings, especially his brother Henry, shaped much of his life, and his imprisonment marked a sad end to a once-promising career.