The Second Empire, also known as the Second French Empire, was a period in French history from 1852 to 1870, under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III. This era followed the Second Republic and was characterized by its authoritarian regime, significant economic growth, and extensive urban development, particularly in Paris.
The Second Empire was established after Napoleon III, who was initially elected President of the Second Republic in 1848, staged a coup d'état in 1851. Following the coup, he consolidated his power by declaring himself Emperor on December 2, 1852, thereby ending the Second Republic. This action was confirmed by a national plebiscite where the majority of voters supported the establishment of the Empire.
Napoleon III pursued an active foreign policy:
The Second Empire came to an abrupt end with the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. After the defeat at the Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III was captured, leading to the collapse of the Empire. The Third Republic was then proclaimed, ushering in a new era in French political history.
The architectural and urban changes made during the Second Empire have left a lasting impact on Paris, with many buildings and streets still reflecting Haussmann's vision. The period is also remembered for its political instability, the beginnings of modern industrial society in France, and the shift towards more democratic governance following its fall.