Storm Surge
Storm Surge is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon associated with Tropical Cyclones or Extratropical Cyclones, where the sea level rises significantly due to the storm's low pressure, high winds, and the piling up of water driven by these winds. Here is a detailed look into the phenomenon:
Description
A Storm Surge occurs when:
- The low pressure at the center of the cyclone causes the sea level to rise, known as the "inverse barometer effect."
- Strong winds from the storm push water towards the shore, creating a bulge of water above normal sea levels.
- The shape of the coastline and the shallow water near the coast can amplify the surge.
Historical Context
Storm surges have been historically catastrophic, leading to significant loss of life and property:
- 1970 Bhola Cyclone: This event, occurring in what is now Bangladesh, caused one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history, with a surge estimated at 10 meters (33 feet), resulting in approximately 300,000 to 500,000 deaths.
- 2005 Hurricane Katrina: This hurricane caused a devastating surge in New Orleans, with estimates of up to 8.5 meters (28 feet) in some areas, leading to widespread flooding and over 1,800 deaths.
Factors Influencing Storm Surge
- Storm Intensity: Stronger storms produce higher surges.
- Storm Size: Larger storms can push more water inland.
- Storm Forward Speed: Slower-moving storms can cause longer duration of high water levels.
- Angle of Approach: Storms approaching at a perpendicular angle to the coast tend to produce higher surges.
- Coastline Shape: Bays, inlets, and the continental shelf can funnel water, increasing surge height.
Impacts
- Coastal Flooding: Low-lying coastal areas are particularly vulnerable.
- Property Damage: Buildings, infrastructure, and agricultural lands can be severely damaged.
- Human and Economic Loss: Loss of life, displacement, and economic impact from rebuilding efforts.
- Ecological Damage: Coastal ecosystems like mangroves, wetlands, and coral reefs can be destroyed or altered.
Mitigation and Preparedness
- Early Warning Systems: Advancements in technology allow for better prediction and dissemination of storm surge warnings.
- Evacuation Plans: Organized evacuations can significantly reduce human casualties.
- Infrastructure Design: Building codes and structures designed to withstand or mitigate surges.
- Restoration of Natural Barriers: Efforts to restore or protect natural coastal defenses like mangroves.
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