Sumerian Literature
Sumerian Literature refers to the body of texts written in the Sumerian language, one of the earliest written languages in the world, originating from Sumer, an ancient civilization located in the southern region of Mesopotamia, now part of modern-day Iraq. Here are some key aspects:
Historical Context
- Sumerians developed the earliest known form of writing, Cuneiform, around 3500 BCE. This script was initially used for accounting purposes but evolved to record literary, religious, and legal texts.
- The literature from Sumer provides insights into the culture, beliefs, and daily life of one of the earliest known civilizations.
Types of Literature
- Mythological Texts: Sumerian myths include stories about gods, their interactions with humans, and the creation of the world. Notable works include the "Epic of Gilgamesh," which is not entirely Sumerian but contains significant Sumerian elements.
- Hymns and Prayers: Many texts were dedicated to deities, celebrating their powers or asking for favor. Examples include the "Kesh Temple Hymn" and hymns to deities like Inanna or Enlil.
- Laments: These are compositions mourning the destruction of cities or the fall of rulers, such as the "Lament for Ur."
- Proverbs and Wisdom Literature: Collections of proverbs and wisdom texts were used for educational purposes, teaching ethics, behavior, and practical knowledge.
- Royal Inscriptions: Kings often left inscriptions detailing their deeds, conquests, and building projects, which are valuable historical sources.
Notable Works
- Epic of Gilgamesh: While primarily known from later Akkadian versions, its origins are deeply rooted in Sumerian tales about the semi-mythical king of Uruk, Gilgamesh.
- The Descent of Inanna: This narrative describes the goddess Inanna's journey to the underworld.
- Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta: A cycle of stories about a legendary king of Uruk and his dealings with the city of Aratta.
Language and Transmission
- Many Sumerian texts were preserved because Sumerian became a classical and sacred language, similar to Latin in medieval Europe, used in literature and religious rituals even after Sumerians were no longer the dominant population.
- The literature was often copied and recopied by scribes in scribal schools, ensuring its survival into later periods.
Influence
- Sumerian literature influenced later Mesopotamian cultures like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Many themes and motifs from Sumerian stories can be found in their literature.
- Some elements from Sumerian myths have parallels in the literature of other ancient Near Eastern civilizations, suggesting cultural exchange.
Sources
See Also