Switzerland, officially known as the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country at the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe. It borders France to the west, Germany to the north, Austria to the east, and Italy to the south. The country has a population of approximately 8.5 million and covers an area of 41,285 square kilometers.
The history of Switzerland begins with the Old Swiss Confederacy, established in the late medieval period with the signing of the Federal Charters in 1291 by the three cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. Over time, this confederation expanded through conquest and treaties, evolving into the modern-day Swiss Confederation in 1848 following the adoption of a new constitution after the Sonderbund War.
The territory of present-day Switzerland was inhabited by various tribes before the Roman conquest in the 1st century BCE. The Romans established several settlements, notably Aventicum (now Avenches) and Geneva. The region was later part of the Holy Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
In the Middle Ages, the area was fragmented among numerous small feudal states, with the development of the confederation marking the beginning of a unified Swiss identity. The 14th and 15th centuries saw expansion through the Burgundian Wars and the Swabian War, securing independence from Habsburg control.
The 19th century brought significant changes with the Act of Mediation in 1803 and the establishment of the federal state in 1848. Switzerland's policy of armed neutrality was tested during the World War I and World War II, where it managed to remain neutral.
Switzerland is known for its diverse landscapes, including the Alps, which cover much of the south and central regions, providing a stark contrast to the northern lowlands. The country has several major rivers, like the Rhine and Rhone, which flow into neighboring countries.
Switzerland operates under a federal system with elements of direct democracy. The Federal Council, consisting of seven members, serves as the executive body, while legislative powers are vested in the Federal Assembly. Referendums and initiatives allow citizens to propose changes to the constitution or laws.
The Swiss economy is characterized by a highly developed service sector, led by banking and insurance, as well as high-tech manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Swiss Made is synonymous with quality in watches, chocolate, and cheese.
Switzerland's cultural scene is influenced by its four linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian, and Romansh. Each region maintains its unique traditions, with festivals like Fasnacht in Basel and Carnival of Lugano showcasing local culture. Swiss art, literature, and architecture have made significant contributions to European culture.
The education system in Switzerland is decentralized, with each canton having autonomy over educational policies. However, the country boasts several world-renowned universities, such as ETH Zurich and the University of Geneva.
Sports play a significant role in Swiss culture, with skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering being popular due to the country's mountainous terrain. Roger Federer and Stan Wawrinka are among the famous Swiss tennis players.