The-Anarchy
The-Anarchy refers to a period of civil war and unsettled governance in the Kingdom of England during the reign of King Stephen, which lasted from 1135 to 1154. This tumultuous era was characterized by the struggle for the English throne between Stephen and his cousin, Empress Matilda, also known as Maud.
Background
- Succession Crisis: Following the death of King Henry I in 1135, his only legitimate son, William Atheling, had already died in the White Ship Disaster. Henry I named his daughter Matilda as his heir, but the nobility of England were reluctant to accept a female monarch.
- Stephen's Usurpation: Stephen of Blois, a nephew of Henry I, seized the throne upon Henry's death, despite Matilda's claim. His claim was supported by significant barons and the Church, leading to his coronation on December 22, 1135.
Key Events
- The Battle of Lincoln (1141): Stephen was captured by Matilda's forces, leading to a brief period where Matilda was proclaimed "Lady of the English." However, she failed to secure the crown and was driven out of London.
- Siege of Oxford (1142): Matilda managed to escape from Oxford Castle, which was under siege by Stephen's forces, in a daring escape over the snow-covered walls.
- The Anarchy: The period was marked by the breakdown of central authority, with local barons engaging in private wars, leading to widespread devastation and lawlessness. The term "anarchy" reflects the chaos and disorder of the time.
End of The-Anarchy
- Treaty of Wallingford (1153): After years of conflict, Stephen and Matilda's son, Henry Plantagenet, came to an agreement. Stephen was to remain king for life, but Henry would succeed him, thus ending the succession dispute.
- Stephen's Death (1154): Upon Stephen's death, Henry Plantagenet ascended the throne as King Henry II, effectively concluding the period known as The-Anarchy.
Impact
- Feudal Influence: The period highlighted the power of the feudal barons over the monarchy, leading to changes in governance and the eventual strengthening of royal power under Henry II.
- Legal and Administrative Reforms: The chaos led to reforms in the legal system and administration, aiming to prevent such conflicts in the future.
Sources
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