Thutmose III
Thutmose III, also known as Thothmes III, was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, who ruled from approximately 1479 to 1425 BC. He is often regarded as one of Egypt's greatest warrior pharaohs due to his extensive military campaigns which expanded the empire to its greatest extent during his reign.
Early Life
Thutmose III was born to Thutmose II and a secondary wife named Isis. His father died when Thutmose III was still a young child, and his stepmother, Hatshepsut, ruled as regent initially before declaring herself pharaoh. Thutmose III was co-regent with Hatshepsut for about 22 years, but he was not fully in control until her death.
Military Campaigns
Upon taking full control, Thutmose III embarked on a series of military campaigns, most notably against the Mitanni and the Levant. Here are some key points:
- Battle of Megiddo (circa 1457 BC): One of his most famous victories, where Thutmose III defeated a coalition of Canaanite states at Megiddo. This battle is often cited for its strategic importance and as one of the earliest battles with a detailed historical account.
- He conducted at least 17 campaigns, extending Egypt's influence from Nubia in the south to the Euphrates River in the north, effectively controlling trade routes and vassal states.
- His military success was not just due to his prowess but also to his innovative use of chariots, naval forces, and strategic planning.
Legacy and Achievements
- Architectural Projects: Thutmose III was also a prolific builder. He commissioned numerous constructions, including additions to the temple at Karnak where he erected several obelisks and constructed the Akh-menu, or the Festival Hall.
- Botanical Garden: He established what is considered the world's first botanical garden near the temple of Karnak, documenting exotic plants from his conquests.
- Annals of Thutmose III: His military campaigns are detailed in the annals inscribed on the walls of the temple at Karnak, providing a wealth of information about his reign.
- His reign is often considered a golden age for Egypt, marking the peak of the New Kingdom's power and prosperity.
Death and Burial
Thutmose III died after a reign of about 54 years. His tomb, KV34 in the Valley of the Kings, is known for its unique design and the detailed decoration, which includes scenes from the Amduat, a guide to the afterlife. However, his mummy was later moved for safety reasons and was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache (DB320).
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