Toltec Architecture
The Toltec Civilization was known for its distinctive architectural style that flourished in central Mexico from approximately the 10th to the 12th centuries AD. Their architecture was a reflection of their sophisticated society, which influenced subsequent Mesoamerican cultures.
Characteristics
- Pyramidal Structures: Toltec architecture is most recognized for its large, stepped pyramids. These were often dedicated to deities and served as ceremonial centers. The most famous of these is the Pyramid of the Sun at Tula, Hidalgo, which features two large stepped pyramids.
- Atlantean Columns: One of the signature features of Toltec architecture is the use of Atlantean Columns, which are large stone figures of warriors or priests standing upright and supporting the roof of buildings, particularly seen at Tula.
- Coatepantli Wall: The Coatepantli Wall, or "Wall of Serpents," is another distinctive architectural feature, adorned with reliefs of serpents, warriors, and other symbolic elements.
- Stone Carvings: Extensive use of stone carvings for both structural and decorative purposes. These carvings often depicted historical events, deities, and mythical creatures.
- Urban Planning: The Toltecs displayed a level of urban planning with their cities organized around central plazas, where important buildings and temples were located.
Key Sites
- Tula, Hidalgo - The capital of the Toltec Empire, Tula, is perhaps the most significant site for Toltec architecture, showcasing the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, the Coatepantli Wall, and numerous Atlantean figures.
- Chichen Itza - Although primarily Mayan, this site shows Toltec influence, especially in structures like the El Castillo and the Temple of the Warriors, which exhibit Toltec architectural elements.
Influence and Legacy
Toltec architecture had a profound impact on later Mesoamerican cultures, particularly the Aztecs, who revered the Toltecs as their predecessors. The architectural designs, religious symbolism, and urban layouts of the Aztecs show clear Toltec influences. The Aztecs even claimed descent from the Toltecs, highlighting the cultural importance of Toltec architectural achievements.
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