Tula
Tula, known historically as Tollan-Xicocotitlan, is an important archaeological site located in the present-day Mexican state of Hidalgo. This site is significant for its association with the Toltec Culture, which flourished from around 900 to 1168 AD.
History
- Origins: The city's rise to prominence began around the 9th century when the Toltecs settled in the area. They are believed to have migrated from the north, possibly from the region of Teotihuacan or Cholula.
- Golden Age: Tula reached its peak during the 10th and 11th centuries, becoming a major center for politics, economics, and religion. It was known for its military prowess, trade networks, and artistic achievements, especially in sculpture and architecture.
- Decline: The fall of Tula is still debated among historians. Theories include internal strife, external invasions, or natural disasters like droughts. By the mid-12th century, the city was largely abandoned.
Archaeological Significance
Tula's remains are a testament to the architectural and artistic skill of the Toltecs:
- Pyramid of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli: This pyramid, dedicated to the deity of the morning star, is one of the most iconic structures at Tula. It features bas-relief carvings of warriors and eagles.
- Atlantes: The site is famous for its "Atlantes," massive basalt columns representing Toltec warriors or deities, which once supported the roof of the temple atop the pyramid.
- Palace of Quetzalcoatl: This structure showcases the influence of the feathered serpent god, Quetzalcoatl, in Toltec mythology and architecture.
Cultural Influence
The Toltecs, and by extension Tula, had a profound impact on subsequent Mesoamerican cultures:
- Many later civilizations, including the Aztecs, revered the Toltecs as cultural ancestors. Aztec mythology often references Tula as the legendary Tollan, a place of great cultural and technological advancement.
- Toltec art, particularly in sculptural forms like the Atlantes, influenced the artistic expressions of later cultures.
Current Status
Today, Tula is a protected archaeological zone managed by Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). It is a popular tourist destination and an essential site for understanding Mesoamerican history.
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