Zheng-He, originally named Ma He, was a prominent Chinese explorer, eunuch, and fleet admiral who commanded seven Voyages of Zheng He during the early 15th century under the Ming Dynasty. Born in 1371 in Yunnan, China, he was captured as a young boy during the Ming conquest of Yunnan and castrated to serve in the imperial court.
Early Life and Rise to Power
- Zheng He was born into a Hui Muslim family in Yunnan.
- After being captured, he was sent to serve in the household of Prince of Yan, who later became Emperor Yongle.
- His loyalty and service led to his appointment as a high-ranking eunuch and military commander.
Expeditions
Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He led seven maritime expeditions, which are often referred to as the Treasure Voyages. These voyages were unprecedented in scale and demonstrated the Chinese maritime capabilities of the time:
- The fleets consisted of hundreds of ships, including massive Treasure ships which were reportedly up to 120 meters long.
- The voyages reached Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the East coast of Africa, promoting Chinese trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange.
- Goals included extending the influence of the Ming Dynasty, showcasing Chinese wealth and power, collecting tribute, and establishing diplomatic relations.
Impact and Legacy
- Zheng He's expeditions were largely peaceful, focusing on trade and diplomacy, although there were occasional military engagements.
- They left a lasting impression on visited regions, with many places still commemorating his visits through local legends and monuments.
- His voyages are considered a high point of Chinese maritime history, although China's naval expeditions were discontinued after his death, and his records were largely lost or destroyed.
Death and Aftermath
Zheng He died during his seventh voyage in 1433, either in Calicut, India, or at sea. His death marked the end of the era of large-scale Chinese maritime exploration. Following his death, the Ming Dynasty shifted its focus inward, adopting a policy of Haijin (maritime prohibitions), which curtailed overseas explorations.
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